| 1. |
- Kormi-Nouri, Reza, 1954-, et al.
(author)
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The effect of childhood bilingualism on episodic and semantic memory tasks
- 2008
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 49:2, s. 93-109
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Kormi-Nouri, Moniri and Nilsson (2003) demonstrated that Swedish-Persian bilingual children recalled at a higher level than Swedish monolingual children, when they were tested using Swedish materials. The present study was designed to examine the bilingual advantage of children who use different languages in their everyday life but have the same cultural background and live in their communities in the same way as monolingual children. In four experiments, 488 monolingual and bilingual children were compared with regard to episodic and semantic memory tasks. In experiments 1 and 2 there were 144 boys and 144 girls in three school groups (aged 9-10 years, 13-14 years and 16-17 years) and in three language groups (Persian monolingual, Turkish-Persian bilingual, and Kurdish-Persian bilingual). In experiments 3 and 4, there were 200 male students in two school groups (aged 9-10 years and 16-17 years) and in two language groups (Persian monolingual and Turkish-Persian bilingual). In the episodic memory task, children learned sentences (experiments 1-3) and words (Experiment 4). Letter and category fluency tests were used as measures of semantic memory. To change cognitive demands in memory tasks, in Experiment 1, the integration of nouns and verbs within sentences was manipulated by the level of association between verb and noun in each sentence. At retrieval, a recognition test was used. In experiments 2 and 3, the organization between sentences was manipulated at encoding in Experiment 2 and at both encoding and retrieval in Experiment 3 through the use of categories among the objects. At retrieval, free recall or cued recall tests were employed. In Experiment 4, the bilingual children were tested with regard to both their first and their second language. In all four experiments, a positive effect of bilingualism was found on episodic and semantic memory tasks; the effect was more pronounced for older than younger children. The bilingual advantage was not affected by changing cognitive demands or by using first/second language in memory tasks. The present findings support the cross-language interactivity hypothesis of bilingual advantage.
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| 2. |
- Kormi-Nouri, Reza, 1954-, et al.
(author)
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The novelty effect: Support for the Novelty-Encoding Hypothesis.
- 2005
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 46:2, s. 133-143
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In two experiments, we examined the "Novelty-Encoding Hypothesis" proposed by Tulving and Kroll (1995), suggesting that the encoding of online information into long-term memory is influenced by its novelty and that novelty increases recognition performance. In Phase 1 (familiarization phase), subjects participated in a standard memory experiment in which different types of materials (verbs and nouns) were studied under different encoding conditions (enactment and non-enactment) and were tested by an expected recognition test. In Phase 2 (critical phase), subjects evaluated the materials (both familiar materials which were encoded earlier in Phase 1, and novel materials which were not presented earlier in Phase 1) in a frequency judgment task and were given an unexpected recognition test. The results of both experiments showed that novel items were recognized better than familiar items. This result held true for both hit rates--false alarms and hit rates. The novelty effect was observed for different subjects (Swedish and Japanese), different materials (verbs and nouns; high frequency and low frequency), and different types of encoding in Phase 1 (enactment and non-enactment). These findings provide support for the "Novelty-Encoding Hypothesis" stating that the effect is based on the encoding of target items at the time of the critical study (Phase 2). A comparison between the present experiments and the Tulving and Kroll (1995), Dobbins, Kroll, Yonelinas & Liu (1998) and Greene (1999) studies suggests that the novelty effect is more pronounced under incidental encoding than under intentional encoding.
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| 3. |
- Mousavi-Nasab, S. M. Hossein, et al.
(author)
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Examination of the bidirectional influences of leisure activity and memory in old people : a dissociative effect on episodic memory
- 2014
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In: British Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0007-1269 .- 2044-8295. ; 105:3, s. 382-398
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present study examined the relationships between different types of activities, cognitive and social, and episodic memory and semantic memory. A total of 794 adult men and women from five age cohorts (aged 65-85 at baseline), participating in the longitudinal Betula project on aging, memory, and health, were included in the study. The participants were studied over 10 years (1995-2005) in threes waves. Recognition and recall were used as episodic memory tasks, and knowledge and verbal fluency as semantic memory tasks. The results, after controlling for age, gender, education and some diseases, including heart disease and hypertension, as covariates, showed unidirectional effects of social activity on episodic memory on all test occasions (β = .10). Also, episodic memory predicted change in cognitive activity for all test waves (β = .21-.22). The positive role of social activity on memory function is discussed in terms of cognitive reserve theory, and the reduction of stress. It also seems that episodic memory performance is a predictor of cognitive activity in old people. However, the opposite direction does not hold true.
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| 4. |
- Mousavi-Nasab, S. -M. -Hossein, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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The effects of marital status on episodic and semantic memory in healthy middle-aged and old individuals
- 2012
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 53:1, s. 1-8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present study examined the influences of marital status on different episodic and semantic memory tasks. A total of 1882 adult men and women participated in a longitudinal project (Betula) on memory, health and aging. The participants were grouped into two age cohorts, 35–60 and 65–85, and studied over a period of 5 years. Episodic memory tasks concerned recognition and recall, whereas semantic memory tasks concerned knowledge and fluency. The results showed, after controlling for education, some diseases, chronological age and leisure activity as covariates, that there were significant differences between married and single individuals in episodic memory, but not in semantic memory. Married people showed significantly better memory performances than singles in both subsystems of episodic memory, that is, recall and recognition. Also, the rate of decline in episodic memory was significantly larger for singles and widowed than other groups over the 5-year time period in both age groups. The findings demonstrate that the positive relation found between marriage and health can be extended to the relation between marriage and cognitive performance. This effect might be explained by the role played by cognitive stimulation in memory and cognition.
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| 5. |
- Kormi-Nouri, Reza, 1954-, et al.
(author)
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Episodic and semantic memory in bilingual and monolingual children
- 2003
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 44:1, s. 47-54
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Although bilinguality has been reported to confer advantages upon children with respect to various cognitive abilities, much less is known about the relation between memory and bilinguality. In this study, 60 (30 girls and 30 boys) bilingual and 60 (30 girls and 30 boys) monolingual children in three age groups (mean ages 8.5, 10.5 and 12.5 years) were compared on episodic memory and semantic memory tasks. Episodic memory was assessed using subject-performed tasks (with real or imaginary objects) and verbal tasks, with retrieval by both free recall and cued recall. Semantic memory was assessed by word fluency tests. Positive effects of bilingualism were found on both episodic memory and semantic memory at all age levels. These findings suggest that bilingual children integrate and/or organize the information of two languages, and so bilingualism creates advantages in terms of cognitive abilities (including memory). Some sex differences were also found in episodicmemory but not in semantic memory. This episodic memory difference was found with younger children.
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| 6. |
- Kormi-Nouri, Reza, 1954-, et al.
(author)
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The role of integration in recognition failure and action memory
- 1998
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In: Memory & Cognition. - : Psychonomic Society Inc. - 0090-502X .- 1532-5946. ; 26:4, s. 681-691
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In three experiments, we studied memory for action events with respect to exceptions from the Tulving-Wiseman function demonstrated in experiments on recognition failure ofrecallable words. In Experiment 1, we examined exceptions of poorintegration in a regular recognition failure condition (i.e.,recognition oftargetswithout contextual cues, followed by recall oftargetsin the presenceof con- textual cues). In Experiment 2,we examined exceptions of cue overlap in which subjects also had ac- cessto the informationof contextual cues at recognition test. InExperiment3,we attemptedto equate the levels ofrecognition acrossthe action and verbal encoding. In addition, the cue overlap and no-cue overlap conditions were studied in a within-subjects design. Results from the three experimentsindi- cated that encoding enactment (episodic integration) and conceptual integration (semantic integra- tion) are related to each other. As a consequence of this relationship, there is a larger independence between recognition and recall of well-integrated items with encoding enactment. On the other hand, for the poorly integrated items without encoding enactment, there is a larger dependence between recognition and recall. Even in the cue overlap condition, where there is a case of large dependence between recognition and recall, the same pattern of data was observed. The results are discussed in terms of an episodic integration view of encoding enactment.
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| 7. |
- Bäckman, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Attentional demands and recall of verbal and color information in action events
- 1993
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 34:3, s. 246-254
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Two experiments addressed the influence of secondary task performance at encoding on recall of different features of subject‐performed tasks (SPTs) involving objects (e.g., turn the wallet). In Experiment 1, memory for verbs and colors of objects was assessed, with object names serving as cues. In Experiment 2, object and color memory were assessed, with verbs serving as cues. Results from both experiments indicated a greater deterioration of memory performance under divided attention for verbal features than for colors. In addition, intention to remember did not affect performance for any feature in either experiment. The overall pattern of outcome is discussed relative to the view that encoding of verbal features of SPTs is more attention‐demanding than encoding of physical task features, such as color.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Kormi-Nouri, Reza, 1954-, et al.
(author)
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Is there memory deficit in Parkinson’s disease? Explicit and implicit memory for verbal and action events
- 2001
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In: Advances in Cognitive Sciences. - Tehran : Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Qalam Gostaran Pajouhesh. - 1561-4174. ; 3:1-2, s. 28-39
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Three experiments examined both encoding and test variable whether there is any memory deficit in patients with Parkinson's disease in comparison with normal controls. In Experiment 1, the effect of encoding enactment was tested in free recall and cued recall. In Experiment 2, the combinations of enactment/non enactment and well/poorly integration variables were used at encoding. Again, the subjects were tested by free and cued recall. In Experiment 3, recognition memory and sentence-fragment completion tests were used with the same encoding manipulations as in Experiment 2. In general, the results of all three experiments showed no difference between PD patients and normal controls indicating that there is no memory deficit for PD patients. However, it was observed that there was some recognition deficit (especially for well integrated and verbal items) in Parkins on patients. It was suggested that the similarity between encoding and retrieval and the stage of disease should be considered as important factors for any possible memory deficit in Parkinsonian patients. It was also concluded that Parkinson patients are less well able to utilize cognitive support.
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| 10. |
- Kormi-Nouri, Reza, 1954-, et al.
(author)
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Negative cueing effects with weak and strong intralist cues
- 1999
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In: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. - : Routledge. - 0954-1446 .- 1464-0635. ; 11:2, s. 199-218
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In three experiments, we studied cueing effects of relational and item-specific information after enacted and non-enacted encoding of short sentences (e.g. lift the pen, fold the paper). In Experiment 1, all subjects were instructed at encoding to remember only the nouns of these sentences; half of the subjects were informed about the categorical nature of the nouns, whereas the other half were not. At retrieval, all subjects were given a free recall test and a cued recall test with the verb of each sentence as the cue. In Experiment 2, all subjects were instructed at encoding to remember the whole sentence; as in Experiment 1, half of the subjects were informed about the categorical nature of the nouns and half were not. At test, all subjects were given two cued recall tests, one categorical cue for each noun in the first test and one verb cue and one categorical cue for each noun in the second test. In Experiment 3, at encoding, all subjects were informed about the categorical nature of nouns and were instructed to remember the whole sentence. In this experiment, the actions were performed with imaginary objects; free recall and cued recall tests were given to different subjects. In all three experiments, there was a negative effect of intralist cueing with verbs. This finding is at odds with the Encoding Specificity Principle, which assumes facilitation of cueing at retrieval if the cues were encoded together with the to-be-remembered information at encoding. Also, the effect of intralist cueing was different after encoding with enactment than after encoding without enactment; this difference holds true for enactment with real objects but not for enactment with imaginary objects. Enactment increased both the relational and the item-specific cueing efficiency. The results are discussed in terms of encoding interference between cues and targets and between item-specific processing and relational processing. Enacted encoding is conceived as integrating episodic information both with respect to item specificity and relational aspects of the information.
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